Life in the Field












Region and Maps




Urban Origins: the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2700-2000 BC, Umm el-Marra Periods VI-IV)



















Collapse: Middle Bronze I (ca. 2000-1800 BC, Umm el-Marra Period IIId)

Urban Regeneration: Middle Bronze II (ca. 1800-1600 BC, Umm el-Marra Period IIIa-c)







Imperial Absorption: Late Bronze (ca. 1600-1200 BC, Umm el-Marra Period II)






Occupation after the Bronze Age


