Books and Special Issues
Rapp, B. & McCloskey, M. (2017). Developmental Dysgraphia and the Acquisition of Spelling and Writing. Special Issue of Cognitive Neuropsychology. Rutledge.
Nickels, L. Kohnen, S. and Rapp, B. (Eds). (2015). Treatment as a tool for investigating cognition. Special Issue of Cognitive Neuropsychology; 32 (3/4).
Rapp, B. (2011). (Ed.) Case Series in Cognitive Neuropsychology. Special Issue of Cognitive Neuropsychology.
Miozzo, M. & Rapp, B. (2011). The Neural Bases of Language Production. Special Issue of Language and Cognitive Processes.
Rapp, B. & Beeson, P. (Eds). (2003). Dysgraphia; Cognitive Processes, Remediation and Neural Substrates. Special Issue of Aphasiology.
Rapp, B. (Ed.) (2001). What Deficits Reveal about the Human Mind/Brain: A Handbook of Cognitive Neuropsychology. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Articles and Chapters
2025
Bhattacharjee, S., Sivakumar, P. T., Venkatasubramanian, G., Bharath, R. D., Oishi, K., Rapp, B., Desmond, J., Chen, S. H., Sathyaprabha, T. N., Udupa, K., & Kashyap, R. (2025). Personalized transcranial direct current stimulation for behavioral and neurophysiologic outcomes. JAMA Network Open, 8(8), e2526148.
Bhattacharjee, S., Kashyap, R., Sivakumar, P. T., Venkatasubramanian, G., Oishi, K., Tsapkini, K., Chen, S. H., Rapp, B., Desmond, J. E., Sathyaprabha, T. N., & Udupa, K. (2025). The role of structural and functional parameters in designing pathology-specific tDCS protocols for primary progressive aphasia. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 17(1), 156.
Masson-Trottier, M., Tippett, D., Rapp, B., Harvey, D. Y., Roncero, C., et al. (2025). Protocol for a multisite study on the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation as an adjuvant to naming and spelling therapy in the treatment of oral and written naming in individuals with primary progressive aphasia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 19, 1611272.
Purcell, J., Wiley, R., Shea, J., Rosenberg, S., Martin, R., & Rapp, B. (2025). Lesion mapping of the spelling system’s central cognitive functions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 37(1), 185–209.
Sagi, R., Jossinger, S., Taylor, J. H. S., Neophytou, K., Rapp, B., Rastle, K., & Ben-Shachar, M. (2025). Cerebello-cerebral pathways contribute to written word production. Neurobiology of Language.
Tippett, D. C., Surrao, K., Neophytou, K., Kim, H., Gallegos, J., Themistocleous, C., et al. (2025). Written picture descriptions distinguish variants of primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 108(1), 334–352.
2024
Bhattacharjee, S., Kashyap, R., Kaviraja, U., Bashir, S., Venkatsubramanian, F., Oishi, K., Desmond, J. E., Rapp, B., & Chen, S. H. (2024). Alignment of behaviour and tDCS stimulation site induces maximum response: Evidence from online tDCS and ERP. Scientific Reports, 14, 19715. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68691-2
Neophytou, K., Wiley, R., Litovsky, C., Tsapkini, K., & Rapp, B. (2024). Cognitive control in written word production. Frontiers in Language Science, 3, 1398125.
Sagi, R., Taylor, J., Neophytou, K., Cohen, T., Rapp, B., Rastle, K., & Ben-Shachar, M. (2024). White matter associations with spelling performance. Brain Structure and Function, 229(9), 2115–2135.
Tao, Y., Schubert, T., Wiley, R., Stark, C., & Rapp, B. (2024). Cortical and subcortical mechanisms of orthographic word-form learning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 36(6), 1071–1098.
Tao, Y., & Rapp, B. (2024). Neurocognitive mechanisms of spelling. In Encyclopedia of the human brain (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 372-387). Elsevier.
2023
Barbieri, E., Thompson, C. K., Higgins, J., Caplan, D., Kiran, S., Rapp, B., et al. (2023). Treatment-induced neural reorganization in aphasia is language-domain specific: Evidence from a large-scale fMRI study. Cortex, 159, 75–100.
Liu, Y.-F., Rapp, B., & Bedny, M. (2023). Reading braille by touch recruits posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 35(10), 1593–1616.
Neophytou, K., Wiley, R., Litovsky, C., Tsapkini, K., & Rapp, B. (2023). The right hemisphere’s capacity for language: Evidence from primary progressive aphasia. Cerebral Cortex, 33(18), 9971–9985.
2022
Bhattacharjee, S., Kashyap, R., Goodwill, A. M., O’Brien, B. A., Rapp, B., Oishi, K., Desmond, J. E., & Chen, A. (2022). Sex difference in tDCS current mediated by changes in cortical anatomy: A study across young, middle-aged, and older adults. Brain Stimulation, 15(1), 125–140.
Billot, A., Lai, S., Varkanitsa, M., Braun, E., Rapp, B., Parish, T., Higgins, J., Kurani, A. S., Caplan, D., Thompson, C., Ishwar, P., Betke, M., & Kiran, S. (2022). Multimodal neural and behavioral data predict response to treatment in post-stroke aphasia. Stroke, 53(5), 1606–1614.
Billot, A., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Thompson, C., Rapp, B., Parish, T., Caplan, D., & Kiran, S. (2022). Structural disconnections associated with language impairments in chronic post-stroke aphasia using disconnectome maps. Cortex, 155, 90–106.
Shea, J., Wiley, R., Moss, N., & Rapp, B. (2022). Pseudoword spelling ability predicts response to word spelling treatment in acquired dysgraphia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 32(2), 231–267.
Tao, Y., Tsapkini, K., & Rapp, B. (2022). Inter-hemispheric synchronicity and symmetry: The functional connectivity consequences of stroke and neurodegenerative disease. NeuroImage: Clinical, 36, 103263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103263
Walenski, M., Chen, Y., Litcofsky, K. A., Caplan, D., Kiran, S., Rapp, B., Parrish, T. B., et al. (2022). Perilesional perfusion in chronic stroke-induced aphasia and its response to behavioral treatment interventions. Neurobiology of Language, 3(2), 345–363.
2021
Li, D., Law, S.-L., Lau, D., & Rapp, B. (2021). Functional orthographic units in Chinese character reading: Are there abstract radical identities? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28(2), 610–623.
Purcell, J., Rapp, B., & Martin, R. C. (2021). Distinct neural substrates support phonological and orthographic working memory: Implications for theories of working memory. Frontiers in Neurology, 12, 681141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.681141
Tao, Y., & Rapp, B. (2021). Investigating the network consequences of focal brain lesions through comparisons of real and simulated lesions. Scientific Reports, 11, 2213. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81107-9
Tao, Y., Ficek, B., Rapp, B., & Tsapkini, K. (2021). Selective functional network changes following tDCS-augmented language treatment in primary progressive aphasia. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, 681043. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.681043
Wiley, R., & Rapp, B. (2021). The effects of handwriting experience on literacy learning. Psychological Science, 32(7), 1086–1103.
2020
Bhattacharjee, S., Kashyap, R., O’Brien, B. A., McCloskey, M., Oishi, K., Desmond, J., Rapp, B., & Chen, A. (2020). Reading proficiency influences the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation: Evidence from selective modulation of dorsal and ventral pathways of reading in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 210, 104850.
De Aguiar, V., Zhao, Y., Ficek, B. N., Webster, K., Rofes, A., Wendt, H., Frangakis, C., Caffo, B., Hillis, A., Rapp, B., & Tsapkini, K. (2020). Cognitive, language, and treatment parameters predict effects of spelling intervention in primary progressive aphasia. Cortex, 124, 66–84.
Higgins, J., Barbieri, E., Wang, X., Mack, J., Caplan, D., Kiran, S., Rapp, B., Thompson, C., Zinbarg, R., & Parrish, T. (2020). Reliability of BOLD signals in chronic stroke-induced aphasia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 52(8), 3963–3978.
Martin, R. C., Rapp, B., & Purcell, J. (2020). Domain-specific working memory: Perspectives from cognitive neuropsychology. In R. H. Logie, V. Camos, & N. Cowan (Eds.), Working memory: State of the science. Oxford University Press.
Shea, J., Wiley, R., Moss, N., & Rapp, B. (2020). Pseudoword spelling ability predicts response to word spelling treatment in acquired dysgraphia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation.
Tao, Y., & Rapp, B. (2020). How functional network connectivity changes as a result of lesion and recovery: An investigation of the network phenotype of stroke. Cortex, 131, 17–41.
Tao, Y., Ficek, B., Rapp, B., & Tsapkini, K. (2020). Different patterns of functional network reorganization across the variants of primary progressive aphasia: A graph-theoretic analysis. Neurobiology of Aging, 96, 184–196.
Themistocleous, C., Neophytou, K., Rapp, B., & Tsapkini, K. (2020). A tool for automatic scoring of spelling performance. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(12), 4179–4192.
2019
Ellenblum, G., Purcell, J. J., Song, X., & Rapp, B. (2019). High-level Integrative Networks: A Resting-state fMRI Investigation of Reading and Spelling. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1-17. supplementary material
Purcell, J., Wiley, R., & Rapp, B. (2019). Re-learning to be different: Increased neural differentiation supports post-stroke language recovery. NeuroImage, 202, 116145. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116145
Tao, Y. & Rapp, B. (2019). The effects of lesion and treatment-related recovery on functional network modularity in post-stroke dysgraphia. NeuroImage Clinical, 23, 101865.
Wiley, R. & Rapp, B. (2019). From complexity to distinctiveness: The effect of expertise on letter perception. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 26 (3), 974-984.
Rapp, B. (2019). Disgrafia: Bases neurales y cognitivas. In, E. Labos & J.L. Nespoulous (Eds.), Neuropsicolinguistica: Recorrido clinic, elementos conceptuales y perspectivas. Editorial Akadia, Buenos Aires.
Wiley, R. & Rapp, B. (2019). Statistical analysis in small-n designs: Using linear mixed-effects modeling for evaluating intervention effectiveness. Aphasiology, 33:1, 1-30.
Rofes, A., Mandonnet, E., de Aguiar, V., Rapp, B., Tsapkini, K., Miceli, G. (2019). Language processing from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 36, 3-4, 117-139.
Bhattacharjee, S., Kashyap, R., Rapp, B., Oishi, K., Desmond, J. E., & Chen, S. A. (2019). Simulation Analyses of tDcS Montages for the investigation of Dorsal and Ventral pathways. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-17.
Neophytou, K., Wiley, R., Rapp, B., Tsapkini, K. (2019). The use of spelling for variant classification in Primary Progressive Aphasia: Theoretical and practical implications. Neuropsychologia, 107157.
Rapp, B. & Wiley, R. (2019). Re-learning and remembering in the lesioned brain. Neuropsychologia, 132, 107126.
2018
Tsapkini, K., Webster, K.T., Ficek, B.N., Desmond, J.E., Onyike, C.U., Rapp, B., Frangakis, C.E., Hillis, A.E. (2018). Electrical brain-stimulation in different variants of primary progressive aphasia: a randomized clinical trial. Alzheimer’s & Dementia; Translational Research and Clinical Interventions.
Breining, B., Nozari, B & Rapp, B. (2018). Learning in complex, multi-component cognitive systems: Different learning challenges within the same system. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition.
Purcell, J. J., & Rapp, B. (2018). Local response heterogeneity indexes experience-based neural differentiation in reading. NeuroImage, 183, 200-211.
Rapp, B. & Purcell, J. (2018). Understanding how we produce written words: Lessons from the brain. In, De Zubicaray, G. and Schiller, N.O. (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Neurolinguistics. Oxford University Press.
Rapp, B. (in press). Writing research in the 21st century. In, C. Perret and T. Olive (Eds.), Writing words: Psychological and neuropsychological approaches. Leiden: Brill.
2017
McCloskey, M., & Rapp, B. (2017). Developmental dysgraphia: An overview and framework for research. Cognitive neuropsychology, 34(3-4), 65-82.
Hepner, C., McCloskey, M., & Rapp, B. (2017). Do reading and spelling share orthographic representations? Evidence from developmental dysgraphia. Cognitive neuropsychology, 34(3-4), 119-143.
Rothlein, D., & Rapp, B. (2017). The role of allograph representations in font-invariant letter identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
Breining, B., & Rapp, B. (2017). Investigating the mechanisms of written word production: Insights from the written blocked cyclic naming paradigm. Reading and Writing, 1-30.
Lukic, S., Barbieri, E., Wang, X., Caplan, D., Kiran, S., Rapp, B., Parrish, T., & Thompson, C. K. (2017). Right Hemisphere Grey Matter Volume and Language Recovery in Stroke Aphasia. Neural Plasticity, 2017, 1-14.
Thompson, C.K., Walenski, M., Chen, Y.F., Caplan, D., Kiran, S., Rapp, B., Grunewald, K., Nunez, M., Zinbarg, R.E., & Parrish, T.B. (2017). Intrahemispheric perfusion in chronic stroke-induced aphasia. Neural Plasticity, 2017, 1-15.
Tsapkini, K., Webster, K., Ficek, B. N., Desmond, J., Onyike, C., Rapp, B., … & Hillis, A. E. (2017). Transcranial direct current stimulation in primary progressive aphasia: Whom does it help?. Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation, 10(4), e40.
Purcell, J. & Rapp, B. (2017). Disorders of written expression. Wenzel, A. (Ed.). In, Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
2016
Nozari, N., Freund, M., Breining, B., Rapp, B., & Gordon, B. (2016). Cognitive control during selection and repair in word production. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(7), 886-903.
Rapp, B., Purcell, J., Hillis, A., Capasso, R., & Miceli, G. (2016). Neural bases of orthographic working memory and long-term memory: Evidence from acquired dysgraphia. Brain, 139(2), 588-604.
Wiley, R., Wilson, C. & Rapp, B. (2016). The effects of alphabet and expertise on letter perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(8), 1186.
2015
Breining, B., Nozari, N., & Rapp, B. (2015). Does segmental overlap help or hurt? Evidence from blocked cyclic naming in spoken and written production. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 1-7.
Nickels, L. Rapp, B. & Kohnen, S. (2015). Challenges in the use of treatment to investigate cognition. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 32 (3/4), 91-104.
Rapp, B., Fischer-Baum, S., & Miozzo, M. (2015). Modality and Morphology What We Write May Not Be What We Say. Psychological science, 26(6), 892-902.
Rapp, B., Purcell, J., Hillis, A. E., Capasso, R., & Miceli, G. (2015). Neural bases of orthographic long-term memory and working memory in dysgraphia. Brain: a journal of neurology.
Rothlein, D., & Rapp, B. (2015). Behavioral and neural evidence of stored letter shape and abstract letter identity representations. Journal of vision, 15(12), 913-913.
Rapp, B. & Fischer-Baum, S. (2015). Uncovering the cognitive architecture of spelling. In A. Hillis (Ed.), Handbook of Adult Language Disorders: integrating Cognitive Neuropsychology, Neurology and Rehabilitation; Second Edition. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
2014
Rapp, B., & Fischer-Baum, S. (2014). Representation of Orthographic Knowledge. The Oxford Handbook of Language Production, 338.
Purcell, J. J., Shea, J., & Rapp, B. (2014). Beyond the visual word form area: The orthography–semantics interface in spelling and reading. Cognitive neuropsychology, 31(5-6), 482-510.
Rothlein, D. & Rapp, B. (2014) The similarity structure of distributed neural responses reveals the multiple representations of letters. Neuroimage, 89:331-44. PubMed PMID: 24321558
Rapp, B., Buchwald, A., & Goldrick, M. (2014). Integrating accounts of speech production: The devil is in the representational details. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29(1), 24-27.
Fischer-Baum, S., & Rapp, B. (2014). The analysis of perseverations in acquired dysgraphia reveals the internal structure of orthographic representations. Cognitive neuropsychology, 31(3), 237-265.
Miozzo, M., Rawlins, K., & Rapp, B. (2014). How verbs and non-verbal categories navigate the syntax/semantics interface: Insights from cognitive neuropsychology. Cognition, 133(3), 621-640.
Medina, J., & Rapp, B. (2014). Rapid experience-dependent plasticity following somatosensory damage. Current Biology, 24(6), 677-680.
Medina, J., McCloskey, M., Coslett, H., & Rapp, B. (2014). Somatotopic representation of location: Evidence from the Simon effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(6), 2131.
2013
Rothlein, D., & Rapp, B. (2013). The similarity structure of distributed neural responses reveals abstract and modality-specific representations of letters. Journal of Vision, 13(9), 786-786.
Tainturier, M. J., Bosse, M. L., Roberts, D. J., Valdois, S., & Rapp, B. (2013). Lexical neighborhood effects in pseudoword spelling. Frontiers in psychology, doi-10.
Purcell, J. J., & Rapp, B. (2013). Identifying functional reorganization of spelling networks: an individual peak probability comparison approach. Frontiers in psychology, 4.
Dufor, O. & Rapp, B. (2013). Letter representations in writing: an fMRI adaptation approach. Frontiers in Cognitive Science, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00781
Rapp, B., Buchwald, A. & Goldrick, M. (2013). Integrating accounts of speech production: The devil is in the representational details. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. DOI:10.1080/01690965.2013.848991
Cohen-Goldberg, A.M. Cholin, J. Miozzo, M., Rapp, B. (2013) The interface between morphology and phonology: Exploring a morpho-phonological deficit in spoken production. Cognition, 2, 270-286.
Yoshioka, T. Dillon, M. R., Beck, G.C., Rapp, B., & Landau, B. (2013). Tactile localization on digits and hand: Structure and Development. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1653-1663.
Rapp, B., Caplan, D., Edwards, S., Visch-Brink, E., & Thompson, C.K. (2013). Neuroimaging in aphasia treatment research: Issues of experimental design for relating cognitive to neural changes. Neuroimage, 75, 200-207.