{"id":163,"date":"2019-08-01T19:13:26","date_gmt":"2019-08-01T19:13:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/?page_id=163"},"modified":"2019-08-01T20:30:07","modified_gmt":"2019-08-01T20:30:07","slug":"representation-of-letter-position-in-reading-spelling","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/current-projects\/reading-and-writing-words\/representation-of-letter-position-in-reading-spelling\/","title":{"rendered":"Representation of Letter Position in Reading &amp; Spelling"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-169 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-4-letter-positions.cropped-254x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"211\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-4-letter-positions.cropped-254x300.png 254w, https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-4-letter-positions.cropped-768x906.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-4-letter-positions.cropped-868x1024.png 868w, https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-4-letter-positions.cropped.png 1070w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 211px) 100vw, 211px\" \/>In several recent studies we have probed how the positions of letters in a word are represented in the cognitive reading and writing systems.\u00a0 Many hypotheses have been proposed.\u00a0 Consider the word TRASH: The A could be represented as the third letter in the word, the letter following R and preceding S, the letter in nucleus position of the first syllable, or so forth.\u00a0 We explored letter position representations using letter perseverations in individuals with impairments in reading (participant LHD) and spelling (participants CM and LSS).<\/p>\n<p>LHD is a highly-educated woman who suffered a stroke that impaired her visual word recognition.\u00a0 In single-word reading tasks, she often erred on individual letters (e.g., reading VILLAGE as VILLABE).\u00a0 Far more often than expected by chance, incorrect letters in LHD\u2019s reading responses were letters that appeared in immediately preceding responses.\u00a0 For example, immediately after reading POCKET correctly, she read TOOL as TOO<u>K<\/u>; and immediately after reading FLAG correctly, she read SAILOR as SAILO<u>G<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-170 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-5-brain-leisons.cropped.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"674\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-5-brain-leisons.cropped.png 674w, https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-5-brain-leisons.cropped-300x118.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 674px) 100vw, 674px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>We asked whether these perseverated letters appeared in the same position in the prior, or source, response (e.g., POCKET) and in the error response (e.g., TOOK)&#8211;and, if so, according to what definition of letter position.\u00a0 Analyzing a large set of perseverations, we found strong evidence for both-edges representations of letter position, in which the position of a letter is represented relative to both the beginning and the end of the word.\u00a0 This conclusion followed from the finding the LHD\u2019s perseveration errors maintained the source\u2019s beginning-based position (as in the POCKET-to-TOOK perseveration) or the source\u2019s end-based position (as in the FLAG-to-SAILOG error).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-171 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-6-letter-perservations.cropped-1024x486.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-6-letter-perservations.cropped-1024x486.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-6-letter-perservations.cropped-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-6-letter-perservations.cropped-768x364.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/files\/2019\/08\/Slide-6-letter-perservations.cropped.png 1720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Analysis of letter perseverations in spelling tasks by participants CM and LSS led to the conclusion that letter position is also represented according to a both-edges scheme in the cognitive spelling system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In several recent studies we have probed how the positions of letters in a word are represented in the cognitive reading and writing systems.\u00a0 Many hypotheses have been proposed.\u00a0 Consider the word TRASH: The A could be represented as the third letter in the word, the letter following R and preceding S, the letter in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"parent":157,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-163","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/95"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=163"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":190,"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163\/revisions\/190"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/157"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.krieger.jhu.edu\/mccloskey-lab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=163"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}